Matthew 9

DOCTOR JESUS

Mat 9:12  But when Jesus heard that, he said unto them, They that be whole need not a physician, but they that are sick. 

Jesus Christ is commonly referred to as “The Great Physician”. 

I’ve always been amazed by doctors and how they know the things they know and are able to do the things that they do. 

Colossians 4:14 calls Luke “the beloved physician”. 

Jesus Christ is the physician that the beloved physician looks up to.. 

Because he…

CURES YOUR SIN 

Mat 9:1  And he entered into a ship, and passed over, and came into his own city.

The doctor was coming to town. So guess what they do.

Mat 9:2  And, behold, they brought to him a man sick of the palsy, lying on a bed: and Jesus seeing their faith said unto the sick of the palsy; Son, be of good cheer; thy sins be forgiven thee.

“Seeing their faith”. The faith of the ones who brought him. 

Mar 2:4  And when they could not come nigh unto him for the press, they uncovered the roof where he was: and when they had broken it up, they let down the bed wherein the sick of the palsy lay. 

Notice JESUS called him “SON”. This proves his deity. Why would he call an older man, son? 

Jesus Christ was more concerned with his spiritual sickness than he was his physical problems. 

He has the cure for your sin sickness. And trust me you have one. 

Ephesians 2:1 shows that a man who isn’t saved is “dead in trespasses and sins”. Romans 3:23 says “for all have sinned and come short of the glory of God”. Romans 5:6 reveals that a lost man is “without strength”. 

This man who was sick of the palsy had some men who “brought him to JESUS CHRIST”. 

When your bible is open it lays flat like a stretcher. Open it and bring someone to JESUS CHRIST. 

Jesus can “cure your sin sickness”. 

Clears Your Mind 

Mat 9:3  And, behold, certain of the scribes said within themselves, This man blasphemeth.

When the scribes saw JESUS claiming to forgive this man’s sins they said something “within themselves”. 

Jesus could hear it. 

Psa 94:11  The LORD knoweth the thoughts of man, that they are vanity. 

Psa 139:1  To the chief Musician, A Psalm of David. O LORD, thou hast searched me, and known me.

Psa 139:2  Thou knowest my downsitting and mine uprising, thou understandest my thought afar off.

Heb 4:12  For the word of God is quick, and powerful, and sharper than any twoedged sword, piercing even to the dividing asunder of soul and spirit, and of the joints and marrow, and is a discerner of the thoughts and intents of the heart. 

1Jn 3:20  For if our heart condemn us, God is greater than our heart, and knoweth all things. 

A lot of people go to a psychiatrist to get their mind right. 

But JESUS knows your brain a lot better than you do and he can CLEAR YOUR MIND…

Rom 12:2  And be not conformed to this world: but be ye transformed by the renewing of your mind, that ye may prove what is that good, and acceptable, and perfect, will of God. 

2Ti 1:7  For God hath not given us the spirit of fear; but of power, and of love, and of a sound mind. 

If the scribes would allow JESUS to work on them than he would have. 

They said “within themselves” this man BLASPHEMETH. 

This shows they had dirty hearts…

But doctor JESUS also…

CLEANSES HEARTS. 

Much better than a “Cardiologist”. 

Mat 9:4  And Jesus knowing their thoughts said, Wherefore think ye evil in your hearts?

Man has an evil heart. 

Psa 10:3  For the wicked boasteth of his heart’s desire, and blesseth the covetous, whom the LORD abhorreth. 

Pro 6:16  These six things doth the LORD hate: yea, seven are an abomination unto him:

Pro 6:17  A proud look, a lying tongue, and hands that shed innocent blood,

Pro 6:18  An heart that deviseth wicked imaginations, feet that be swift in running to mischief,

Jer 17:9  The heart is deceitful above all things, and desperately wicked: who can know it? 

The LORD is much better than your heart doctor. He can become your heart donor. 

And you don’t have to be prescribed any pain killers because…

He can give you a merry heart.  

Pro 17:22  A merry heart doeth good like a medicine:

Psa 51:10  Create in me a clean heart, O God; and renew a right spirit within me. 

But these scribes are skeptics. They don’t believe the reviews about the ultimate doctor. 

They think he is committing blasphemy by saying “thy sins be forgiven thee”. They have proven that they need both a brain and heart transplant..

So the LORD tries to talk some sense into them…

Mat 9:5  For whether is easier, to say, Thy sins be forgiven thee; or to say, Arise, and walk?

Mat 9:6  But that ye may know that the Son of man hath power on earth to forgive sins, (then saith he to the sick of the palsy,) Arise, take up thy bed, and go unto thine house.

He has power on earth to forgive sins and heal the sick. 

Mat 9:7  And he arose, and departed to his house.

The Great Physician did these miracles and…

CONFIRMED THE WORD WITH SIGNS FOLLOWING 

Mat 9:8  But when the multitudes saw it, they marvelled, and glorified God, which had given such power unto men.

“Power  unto MEN”. They didn’t realize he was the Son OF GOD yet. 

The multitudes “saw it” and “marveled”. Jesus went around preaching and “CONFIRMED THE WORD” with “SIGNS FOLLOWING”. 

When you get an operation done you want a doctor that has been able to back up what he is saying. 

If he has had a lot of patients than you can see the evidence that he not only can talk like a doctor but he can perform like one. 

Jesus could back up everything that he said. He could show you evidence that he was who he said he was. 

COUNSELS EVERY CLASS

A good doctor will see any patient that comes through. The rich, the poor, the short, fat, ugly, skinny, and whatever you might be. 

Jesus came to SAVE SINNERS and that is ALL KINDS OF SINNERS..

Whether it be a tax collector…

Mat 9:9  And as Jesus passed forth from thence, he saw a man, named Matthew, sitting at the receipt of custom: and he saith unto him, Follow me. And he arose, and followed him.

Notice that Matthew didn’t give an excuse, he didn’t ask to do something else first, he got up and WENT! 

He was a publican, people hated them, because they were thieves. The Roman government had them in charge of taxing people. 

They had so much they had to tax and they could tax even more than that and pocket it for themselves. 

Matthew is the Levi of Mark 2:14 and Luke 5:27. 

After he drops his career to follow JESUS CHRIST he invites him over to his house…

Luk 5:28  And he left all, rose up, and followed him.

Luk 5:29  And Levi made him a great feast in his own house: and there was a great company of publicans and of others that sat down with them.

Mat 9:10  And it came to pass, as Jesus sat at meat in the house, behold, many publicans and sinners came and sat down with him and his disciples.

Notice that the LORD is no respecter of persons. 

The publicans were tax collectors that everyone hated. 

“Sinners” were the ones the people considered to be extremely wicked. They didn’t use the word in the sense that Paul used it. 

When Paul used it, he used it to refer to every man. 

Mat 9:11  And when the Pharisees saw it, they said unto his disciples, Why eateth your Master with publicans and sinners?

Don’t you hate when someone asks a question about you even though you are sitting right there. 

They were accusing JESUS CHRIST of not being separated. 

Because he COUNSELS every class.  

Mat 9:12  But when Jesus heard that, he said unto them, They that be whole need not a physician, but they that are sick.

Here JESUS CHRIST refers to himself as a “physician”. 

He sits with these publicans and sinners because that is who he came to save. 

The Pharisees just have to much pride to admit that that is what they are themselves. 

They are the ones who the LORD gets angry and sarcastic with..  

Mat 9:13  But go ye and learn what that meaneth, I will have mercy, and not sacrifice: for I am not come to call the righteous, but sinners to repentance.

He’s referring to Hosea…

Hos 6:6  For I desired mercy, and not sacrifice; and the knowledge of God more than burnt offerings. 

Imagine how mad these self righteous know it alls got when Jesus Christ looks at them and says “but go ye and learn what that meaneth”

He’s like you guys have a lot to learn. Jesus counseled every class. The publicans, sinners, and even the Pharisees. 

1Ti 1:15  This is a faithful saying, and worthy of all acceptation, that Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners; of whom I am chief. 

The next thing about this great physician is that he is a…

COMFORTING PRESENCE 

If you have ever been badly hurt or in the hospital than you know when the doctor comes in the room it can be a comforting presence.

Because the person who can fix your problem just walked in the door. 

No doubt about it the LORD JESUS CHRIST was a comforting presence to the disciples.

Mat 9:14  Then came to him the disciples of John, saying, Why do we and the Pharisees fast oft, but thy disciples fast not?

Fasting is a good thing but sometimes you can be over zealous in a good thing to the point that you think everyone needs to be doing it as much as your doing it. 

In the case of the disciples of John, it was fasting. They thought everyone had to fast like they fast. 

You have to watch out getting so into something that you begin to judge everyone’s spirituality off that one thing. 

The disciples of John may fast and the Lord’s disciples didn’t fast. But the disciples were probably better in other areas. 

You may read your bible 12x a year and judge everyone’s spirituality on how many times they read the Bible. 

Mat 9:15  And Jesus said unto them, Can the children of the bridechamber mourn, as long as the bridegroom is with them? but the days will come, when the bridegroom shall be taken from them, and then shall they fast.

The children of the bride chamber didn’t need to mourn because the bridegroom, the LORD, was with them. He was a comforting presence. There wasn’t a need for them to fast. 

But the day is coming when the bridegroom is taken away(the tribulation) and then shall they fast. Notice how Luke writes it in…

Luk 5:35  But the days will come, when the bridegroom shall be taken away from them, and then shall they fast in those days

The phrase “in those days” is even commonly referring to the tribulation time period. 

So Who are the “children of the bride chamber.” 

Well the bride groom is Jesus Christ and the bride is the church. (2 Corinthians 11:2). 

Jesus isn’t referring to the church anywhere in the chapter so the “children do the bride chamber” are not the church. They are friends of the bride groom and guests that will be at the wedding. 

One day the bride will marry JESUS CHRIST and there will be guests at that wedding. 

John the Baptist said…

Joh 3:29  He that hath the bride is the bridegroom: but the friend of the bridegroom, which standeth and heareth him, rejoiceth greatly because of the bridegroom’s voice: this my joy therefore is fulfilled. 

John is a friend of the bridegroom. He isn’t in the bride. 

Luk 16:16  The law and the prophets were until John: since that time the kingdom of God is preached, and every man presseth into it. 

The friends of the bridegroom that will be at this wedding are the saints from Moses to John the Baptist. 

These are saints that aren’t part of the bride of CHRIST. They are friends of the bridegroom. 

Then you have another group. You know the story of the ten virgins? The five wise ones represents tribulation Jews who will also be at the wedding. 

Mat 25:1  Then shall the kingdom of heaven be likened unto ten virgins, which took their lamps, and went forth to meet the bridegroom.

They aren’t getting married, they are simply going to meet the bridegroom. 

Mat 25:2  And five of them were wise, and five were foolish.

Mat 25:3  They that were foolish took their lamps, and took no oil with them:

Mat 25:4  But the wise took oil in their vessels with their lamps.

Mat 25:5  While the bridegroom tarried, they all slumbered and slept.

Mat 25:6  And at midnight there was a cry made, Behold, the bridegroom cometh; go ye out to meet him.

Mat 25:7  Then all those virgins arose, and trimmed their lamps.

Mat 25:8  And the foolish said unto the wise, Give us of your oil; for our lamps are gone out.

Mat 25:9  But the wise answered, saying, Not so; lest there be not enough for us and you: but go ye rather to them that sell, and buy for yourselves.

Mat 25:10  And while they went to buy, the bridegroom came; and they that were ready went in with him to the marriage: and the door was shut.

Mat 25:11  Afterward came also the other virgins, saying, Lord, Lord, open to us.

Mat 25:12  But he answered and said, Verily I say unto you, I know you not.

Mat 25:13  Watch therefore, for ye know neither the day nor the hour wherein the Son of man cometh.

Also notice these are VIRGINS and not ONE CHASTE VIRGIN(as the bride is). Tribulation Jews that believe are not the same as church age believers that are up the bride of CHRIST. 

You also have “tribulation gentiles” that are saints. 

Mat 22:9  Go ye therefore into the highways, and as many as ye shall find, bid to the marriage.

Mat 22:10  So those servants went out into the highways, and gathered together all as many as they found, both bad and good: and the wedding was furnished with guests.

This is the 144,000 going out and getting gentile converts. 

Then you have another group. These will be the “concubines”. They are the saints “before the law”. They go from ADAM to Moses. 

The Song of Solomon illustrates these people groups. 

Son 6:8  There are threescore queens, and fourscore concubines, and virgins without number.

Son 6:9  My dove, my undefiled is but one; she is the only one of her mother, she is the choice one of her that bare her. The daughters saw her, and blessed her; yea, the queens and the concubines, and they praised her.

Son 6:10  Who is she that looketh forth as the morning, fair as the moon, clear as the sun, and terrible as an army with banners?

Then you also have another group. You have the millennial saints. You can call them the “queens” and They are illustrated by the “QUEEN” of Sheba in 1 Kings 10. She goes to see king Solomon in all his glory. She wanted to see everything he had and see his wisdom for herself. This pictures the gentile nations coming into JERUSALEM to see JESUS CHRIST. That is another people group. 

In the millennium these gentile nations will have to come to JERUSALEM to worship the king. 

Rev 21:24  And the nations of them which are saved shall walk in the light of it: and the kings of the earth do bring their glory and honour into it. 

So those are your people groups. Not every saint in the Bible is part of the church, the body of CHRIST, the bride of CHRIST. You have to rightly divide. 

The great physician is a COMFORTING PRESENCE that…

CONQUERED THE LAW. 

He went to law school & ACED IT (doctor at law)

Gal 3:24  Wherefore the law was our schoolmaster to bring us unto Christ, that we might be justified by faith. 

Jesus Christ is the only one who didn’t get slew by the commandments. He is the only one who kept the law perfectly. 

He went to law school and schooled the law. He fulfilled the law. 

If you looked at his report card it would say “in all points tempted like as we are, yet without sin.”  “Who did no sin neither was guile found in his mouth.” 

When you have any kind of doctor or lawyer, you want them to have been the best in their class. 

Jesus was the best and only one in his class to pass the test. And we pass the test because he gives us his perfect grade at salvation. 

He is our doctor and our lawyer. When the devil accuses me he objects to it. 

1Jn 2:1  My little children, these things write I unto you, that ye sin not. And if any man sin, we have an advocate with the Father, Jesus Christ the righteous: 

Mat 9:16  No man putteth a piece of new cloth unto an old garment, for that which is put in to fill it up taketh from the garment, and the rent is made worse.

If you sew a piece of new cloth into an old garment, the new garment will eventually shrink and tear the old. 

Mat 9:17  Neither do men put new wine into old bottles: else the bottles break, and the wine runneth out, and the bottles perish: but they put new wine into new bottles, and both are preserved.

Old bottles have already expanded to full capacity. So when you put new wine in old bottles, the new wine will expand and burst the bottles. 

These represents the old and new testaments. When the New Testament comes the old isn’t going to work anymore. 

Mat 9:18  While he spake these things unto them, behold, there came a certain ruler, and worshipped him, saying, My daughter is even now dead: but come and lay thy hand upon her, and she shall live.

Mat 9:19  And Jesus arose, and followed him, and so did his disciples.

While the LORD is in the middle of helping one patient, he helps another. This pictures how you can do good things on the way to do good things. Multi tasking is key. 

And with this great physician…

CALL-INs ARENT NECESSARY. 

He has a walk in clinic. 

Mat 9:20  And, behold, a woman, which was diseased with an issue of blood twelve years, came behind him, and touched the hem of his garment:

Mat 9:21  For she said within herself, If I may but touch his garment, I shall be whole.

She didn’t have to call one of the disciples and make an appointment. She didn’t have to schedule it 2 or 3 months out. 

She didn’t even have to sit in the waiting room with a mask on. 

She went right up to him and touched his garment. And it isn’t like most doctors where you leave without anything being done. She left different. 

She had spent all her money on doctors for the past twelve years. This is because she hasn’t been to the doctor of doctors. 

Mar 5:25  And a certain woman, which had an issue of blood twelve years,

Mar 5:26  And had suffered many things of many physicians, and had spent all that she had, and was nothing bettered, but rather grew worse,

Notice this woman had only “GREW WORSE”. Without JESUS you are on the downhill and going up hill. You will continue to get worse and worse. 

If Jesus Christ had of been here in 2020 the planneddemic would have been an epic failure because he…

CANCELS PLAGUES 

Mark gives a little more detail and says she was healed  from the plague. 

People love to cancel things but if JESUS was waking the earth in 2020 he would of cancelled every plague. 

Mar 5:27  When she had heard of Jesus, came in the press behind, and touched his garment.

Mar 5:28  For she said, If I may touch but his clothes, I shall be whole.

Mar 5:29  And straightway the fountain of her blood was dried up; and she felt in her body that she was healed of that plague.

The LORD didn’t make her social distance. He let her get up close and personal. 

Nobody can stay stick around him. 

Mar 5:30  And Jesus, immediately knowing in himself that virtue had gone out of him, turned him about in the press, and said, Who touched my clothes?

All these people were touching him but something was different about the woman’s touch.  When she touched him “Virtue” went out from him and to her. That is “STRENGTH”. 

God gave you strength when you were without it. 

Rom 5:6  For when we were yet without strength, in due time Christ died for the ungodly 

Mar 5:31  And his disciples said unto him, Thou seest the multitude thronging thee, and sayest thou, Who touched me?

Mar 5:32  And he looked round about to see her that had done this thing.

Mar 5:33  But the woman fearing and trembling, knowing what was done in her, came and fell down before him, and told him all the truth.

Mar 5:34  And he said unto her, Daughter, thy faith hath made thee whole; go in peace, and be whole of thy plague.

Mat 9:22  But Jesus turned him about, and when he saw her, he said, Daughter, be of good comfort; thy faith hath made thee whole. And the woman was made whole from that hour.

Your faith today also makes you whole. When you put your faith in the blood of JESUS CHRIST your born into the family of God. 

CONFIDENT WHILE OPERATING 

When your about to have open heart surgery you don’t want a doctor with shaky hands. You don’t want a doctor that is nervous. 

You want someone that could beat anybody in a game of operation. 

Jesus Christ was calm, cool, and confident when it came to healing people. 

He knew there would be no misfires or mistakes. 

It didn’t who was watching, what they were saying, or how they were laughing. 

Mat 9:23  And when Jesus came into the ruler’s house, and saw the minstrels and the people making a noise,

Mat 9:24  He said unto them, Give place: for the maid is not dead, but sleepeth. And they laughed him to scorn.

He was so confident that he could heal her, that he didn’t even say she was dead. To him she wasn’t dead because he knew she was about to be awake. 

Mat 9:25  But when the people were put forth, he went in, and took her by the hand, and the maid arose.

Mat 9:26  And the fame hereof went abroad into all that land.

Notice JESUS didn’t leave the house saying “LAUGH NOW SUCKAS!”  

He was so confident in his healing that he didn’t have to talk trash…he could just “confirm the word with signs following”. 

CONTACTS BECOME USELESS 

When you go to the optometrist he can give you glasses or contacts but he can’t give you guaranteed 20/20 vision in an instant. 

The LORD can take a completely blind man and fix his sight. 

Eye glasses and contacts are useless around him. The contact makers would go out of business. 

Mat 9:27  And when Jesus departed thence, two blind men followed him, crying, and saying, Thou Son of David, have mercy on us.

They knew the messiah was coming from the line of DAVID and they knew it was JESUS. 

Mat 9:28  And when he was come into the house, the blind men came to him: and Jesus saith unto them, Believe ye that I am able to do this? They said unto him, Yea, Lord.

Mat 9:29  Then touched he their eyes, saying, According to your faith be it unto you.

Mat 9:30  And their eyes were opened; and Jesus straitly charged them, saying, See that no man know it.

Mat 9:31  But they, when they were departed, spread abroad his fame in all that country.

Many times a family member goes crazy and they take them to counselors, psychiatrists, and other doctors to fix the problem. 

Sometimes they might even call in a Catholic priest to get the devil out of this person…

But when JESUS CHRIST is around you could…

CANCEL YOUR EXORCIST

He didn’t need holy water, crosses, or to speak in Latin to get the devils out. 

Mat 9:32  As they went out, behold, they brought to him a dumb man possessed with a devil.

“Dumb” as in the man couldn’t talk. A devil caught his tongue. 

Mat 9:33  And when the devil was cast out, the dumb spake: and the multitudes marvelled, saying, It was never so seen in Israel.

Who needs an exorcist? Who needs a guy who has been to priest school? The LORD JESUS was schooling the doctors in the temple when he was just a youngin. 

A lot of people watch those conjuring and exorcists movies and get scared to death. 

But the devils don’t scare Jesus Christ. There is no problem that intimidates him. 

Mat 9:34  But the Pharisees said, He casteth out devils through the prince of the devils.

The “prince of the devils” is obviously the devil. Notice how he is called a “prince”. 

Joh 12:31  Now is the judgment of this world: now shall the prince of this world be cast out. 

Eph 2:2  Wherein in time past ye walked according to the course of this world, according to the prince of the power of the air, the spirit that now worketh in the children of disobedience: 

They think Jesus Christ is casting out devils by the power of the devil himself. Wow, what GENIUSES!

A lot of doctors are in it for the money, and for many other worldly reasons…but not the great PHYSICIAN. 

He actually “became poor” to do all these things. He actually left the comfort of heaven to come down and not have a place to lay his head. 

So why does he do what he does? 

COMPASSION IS HIS MOTIVE

Mat 9:35  And Jesus went about all the cities and villages, teaching in their synagogues, and preaching the gospel of the kingdom, and healing every sickness and every disease among the people.

He went around TEACHING & PREACHING. That was the main things. 

2Ti 4:2  Preach the word; be instant in season, out of season; reprove, rebuke, exhort with all longsuffering and doctrine. 

The main thing wasn’t the healing. The healing just “confirmed the word”(mark 16:20) to Jews who “require a sign”. (1 Cor 1:22)

Here are some bible sicknesses. The LORD’s compassions moved him to heal the people. 

Leprosy (Matthew 8:2)

Palsy (Matthew 8:6)

Fever (Matthew 8:14)

Bleeding (Matthew 9:20)

Blindness (Matthew 9:27)

Withered Hand (Matthew 12:10)

Devil Possession (Matthew 12:22)

Every sickness and every disease. (Matthew 9:35)

Jesus Christ had no problem healing any so called incurable disease. 

Mat 9:36  But when he saw the multitudes, he was moved with compassion on them, because they fainted, and were scattered abroad, as sheep having no shepherd.

Compare this with… 

Eze 34:5  And they were scattered, because there is no shepherd: and they became meat to all the beasts of the field, when they were scattered.

Eze 34:6  My sheep wandered through all the mountains, and upon every high hill: yea, my flock was scattered upon all the face of the earth, and none did search or seek after them.

Eze 34:7  Therefore, ye shepherds, hear the word of the LORD;

Eze 34:8  As I live, saith the Lord GOD, surely because my flock became a prey, and my flock became meat to every beast of the field, because there was no shepherd, neither did my shepherds search for my flock, but the shepherds fed themselves, and fed not my flock;

Eze 34:9  Therefore, O ye shepherds, hear the word of the LORD;

Eze 34:10  Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I am against the shepherds; and I will require my flock at their hand, and cause them to cease from feeding the flock; neither shall the shepherds feed themselves any more; for I will deliver my flock from their mouth, that they may not be meat for them.

Doctor JESUS isn’t just like a medical doctor, optometrist, cardiologist, counselor, or psychiatrist….he also is a DOCTOR OF THEOLOGY. And he has compassion on the sheep. 

He said to Peter… 

Joh 21:16  He saith to him again the second time, Simon, son of Jonas, lovest thou me? He saith unto him, Yea, Lord; thou knowest that I love thee. He saith unto him, Feed my sheep. 

1Pe 5:2  Feed the flock of God which is among you, taking the oversight thereof, not by constraint, but willingly; not for filthy lucre, but of a ready mind;

1Pe 5:3  Neither as being lords over God’s heritage, but being ensamples to the flock.

1Pe 5:4  And when the chief Shepherd shall appear, ye shall receive a crown of glory that fadeth not away.

When the LORD ascended he gave gifts unto men. The LORD being a doctor of theology knows how to teach faithful men to feed the flock. 

Eph 4:11  And he gave some, apostles; and some, prophets; and some, evangelists; and some, pastors and teachers; 

He gave faithful men to the flock so that they aren’t like sheep having no shepherd. Who get devoured by the wolves in sheep’s clothing. 

Mat 9:37  Then saith he unto his disciples, The harvest truly is plenteous, but the labourers are few;

There are plenty of sheep. There needs to be more “faithful stewards”. 

Mat 9:38  Pray ye therefore the Lord of the harvest, that he will send forth labourers into his harvest.

Pray that some men will rise up who are “labourers”. 

1Ti 5:17  Let the elders that rule well be counted worthy of double honour, especially they who labour in the word and doctrine.